Spaces of Empathy: Visual Strategies in Photojournalistic Imagery of Migration
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17742/IMAGE.TP.13.2.8Abstract
This essay explores visual representations of migration by drawing on a Swedish case to reflect on broader questions regarding the position of the witness, including the photographer and the distant spectator, and on how photographs may contribute to an understanding of the experience of forced migration. Through an interpretative analysis of imagery recognized by the Swedish Picture of the Year contest, I identified mostly empathetic visualizations, according to the five positions of visibility suggested by Chouliaraki and Stolic. Engaging a different set of imagery, I delved into an extended exploration of one family over a span of four years as a narrative of lived experiences of forced migration. Methodologically, this essay begins within the area of photojournalism, but suggests the inclusion of varied visual forms and genres in the empirical materials.References
Allan, Stuart. “Witnessing in Crisis: Photoreportage of Terror Attacks in Boston and London.” Media, War & Conflict, vol. 7, no. 2, Aug. 2014, pp. 133-151.
Andén-Papadopoulos, Kari. “The Picture of the Year and its View of the World.” Picturing Politics: Visual and Textual Formations of Modernity in the Swedish Press, edited by Karin Becker, Jan Ekekrantz, and Tom Olsson, JMK, Stockholm University, 2000, pp. 196-211.
Arets Bild. Årets Bild Sverige, AB, 2018.
Arets Bild. Årets Bild Sverige, AB, 2017.
Arets Bild. Årets Bild Sverige, AB, 2016.
Azoulay, Ariella. The Civil Contract of Photography. Zone Books, 2012.
Bardell, Anders and Erik Wiman. “Jag höll fast en mamma med en liten bebis.” Aftonbladet, 28 April, 2016, https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/RxE622/jag-holl-fast-en-mamma-med-en-liten-bebis. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Bengtsson Lundin, Rebecca. Appearance and Photographs of People in Flight: A Quality Study of Photojournalistic Practices in Spaces of (Forced) Migration. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Media Studies, Stockholm University, 2021, http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-197547.
Bleiker Roland, David Campbell, Emma Hutchison, and Xzarina Nicholson. “The Visual Dehumanization of Refugees.” Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 48, no. 4, 2013, pp. 398-416.
Bock, Mary Angela. “Together in the Scrum: Practicing News Photography for Television, Print, and Broadband.” Visual Communication Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 3, 2008, pp. 169-179.
Chouliaraki, Lilie. The Spectatorship of Suffering. Sage Publications, 2006.
Chouliaraki, Lilie and Myra Georgiou. “Hospitability: The Communicative Architecture of Humanitarian Securitization at Europe’s Borders.” Journal of Communication, vol. 67, 2017, pp. 159-180.
Chouliaraki, Lilie and Tijana Stolic. “Rethinking Media Responsibility in the Refugee ‘Crisis’: A Visual Typology of European News.” Media, Culture & Society, vol. 39, no. 8, 2017, pp. 1162-1177.
Dagens Nyheter. “Bilderna som inte tas säger ibland mest.” 29 December 2015, https://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/bilderna-som-inte-tas-sager-ibland-mest/. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Dencik, Lina and Stuart Allan. “In/visible Conflicts: NGOs and the Visual Politics of Humanitarian Photography.” Media, Culture & Society, August 18, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717726865.
Fahmy, Shahira, Mary Angela Bock and Wayne Wanta. Visual Communication Theory and Research: A Mass Communication Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Fehrenbach, Heide and Davide Rodogno. “A Horrific Photo of a Drowned Syrian Child: Humanitarian Photography and NGO Media Strategies in Historical Perspective.” International Perspective of the Red Cross, vol. 97, no. 9, 2015, pp. 1121-1155.
Frosh, Paul and Amit Pinchevski. “Media Witnessing and the Ripeness of Time.” Cultural Studies, vol. 28, no. 4, 2014, pp. 594-610.
Fröberg, Jonas. “Laeans familj startar ett nytt liv efter flykten från IS.” Svenska Dagbladet, 1 January 2016, https://www.svd.se/nytt-liv-i-sverige-efter-flykten-fran-is. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Fröberg, Jonas. “Räddades ur vågorna-nu väntar de på att livet ska börja.” Svenska Dagbladet, 25 February 2017, https://www.svd.se/raddades-ur-vagorna–nu-vantar-de-pa-att-livet-ska-borja. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Fröberg, Jonas and Malin Hoelstad. “Brevet tänder en låga av hopp.” Svenska Dagbladet, 3 April 2016, https://www.svd.se/brevet-tander-en-laga-av-hopp. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Fröberg, Jonas and Malin Hoelstad. “Möter vattnet igen efter Medelhavet: Ska vi dö här?” Svenska Dagbladet, 7 August 2016, https://www.svd.se/hopp-och-fortvivlan-i-boras. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Fröberg, Jonas and Malin Hoelstad. “Gud har gett oss en ny dotter i Sverige-Malin.” Svenska Dagbladet, 8 December 2016, https://www.svd.se/nytt-hopp-men-oron-kvar-for-familjen-swirakly. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Fröberg, Jonas and Malin Hoelstad. “Räddad till Sverige-men har inte fått SFI-undervisning.” Svenska Dagbladet, 4 November 2017, https://www.svd.se/raddad-till-sverige–har-inte-fatt-sfi-undervisning. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Fröberg, Jonas and Malin Hoelstad. “Vi träffar familjen Swirakly-så funkar svensk integrationspolitik.” Svenska Dagbladet, 9 February 2019, https://www.svd.se/jattetufft-lara-sig-svenska–men-jag-far-skylla-mig-sjalv. Accessed 15 November2020.
Fröberg, Jonas and Erica Treijs. “Räddades ur havet – nu får Rodan träffa mamma igen.” Svenska Dagbladet, 28 January 2018, https://www.svd.se/raddades-ur-havet–nu-far-rodan-traffa-mamma-igen. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Hoelstad, Malin. “Bilderna jag inte tog på dödens hav.” Svenska Dagbladet, 25 December 2015, https://www.svd.se/bilderna-jag-inte-tog. Accessed 15 November2020.
Hoelstad, Malin and Jonas Fröberg. “Starka bilder-Familjen Swiraklys första år i Sverige.” Svenska Dagbladet, 8 December 2016, https://www.svd.se/starka-bilder-familjens-swirakys-forsta-ar-i-sverige. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Jelmini, Maria. “SvD prisas för Gula Båtarna-kampanj och affärsmodell.” Svenska Dagbladet, 24 May 2015, https://www.svd.se/svd-vann-pris-for-gula-batarna-kampanj.Accessed 15 November 2020.
Kedra, Joanna and Mélodine Sommier. “Children in the Visual Coverage of the European Refugee Crisis: A Case Study of the World Press Photo 2016.” Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, vol.7, no. 1, 2018, pp. 37-58.
Láb, Filip, and Sandra Štefaniková. “Photojournalism in Central Europe: Editorial and working Practices.” Nordicom Review, vol. 38(special issue 2), 2017, pp. 7-23. doi: 10.1515/nor-2017-0411.
Langton, Loup. Photojournalism and Today’s News. Creating Visual Reality. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
Linfield, Susie. The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence. The University of Chicago Press, 2010.
Mortensen, Mette, Stuart Allan, and Chris Peters. “The Iconic Image in a Digital Age: Editorial Mediations over the Alan Kurdi Photographs.” Nordicom Review, vol. 38, no. 2, 2017, pp. 71-86.
Mortensen, Mette, and Hans-Jörg Trenz. “Media Morality and Visual Icons in the Age of Social Media: Alan Kurdi and the Emergence of an Impromptu Public of Moral Spectatorship.” Javnost/The Public, vol. 23, 2016, pp. 343-362.
Musarò, Pierluigi. “Mare Nostrum: The Visual Politics of a Military-humanitarian Operation in the Mediterranean Sea.” Media, Culture & Society, vol. 38, 2017, pp. 11-28.
Nair, Parvati. “The Razor’s Edge: Image and Corpo-reality at Europe’s Borders.” In Photography and Migration, edited by Tanya Sheehan, Routledge, 2018, pp. 83-99.
Nilsson, Maria. “Visualizing the Experience of Flight: Photojournalistic Portraits and Refugee Migration. Novos Olhares, vol. 9, no. 1, Jan.-June 2020, pp. 130-141.
Östman, Kari. “De ska rädda liv, på Medelhavet.” Aftonbladet, 26 October 2015, https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/m6V49L/de-ska-radda-liv–pa-medelhavet. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Pantti, Mervi. “The Personalization of Conflict Reporting: Visual Coverage of the Ukraine Crisis on Twitter.” Digital Journalism, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 124-145.
Peters, John Durham. “Witnessing.” Media, Culture and Society, vol. 23, no. 6, 2001, pp. 707-724.
Proitz, Lin. “Visual Social Media and Affectivity: The Impact of the Image of Alan Kurdi and Young People’s Response to the Refugee Crisis in Oslo and Sheffield.” Information, Communication & Society, vol. 21, no. 4, 2018, pp. 548-563.
Sliwinski, Sharon. Human Rights in Camera. The University of Chicago Press, 2011.
Sontag, Susan. Regarding the Pain of Others. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003.
Sveriges Radio P4 Gävleborg. “Malin nominerad i Sveriges mest prestigefyllda fototävling.” 13 March 2019, https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/7173597. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Sveriges Radio P4 Sjuhärad. “Jonas och Malin räddade boråsfamilj vid Medelhavet.” 29 August 2017, https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6766120. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Thomson, T. J. To See and Be Seen: The Environments, Interactions and Identities Behind News Images. Rowman & Littlefield International, 2019.
Treijs, Erica. “Familjen Swirakly i Borås: Fick jobb efter fyra år i Sverige.” December 23, 2019. Svenska Dagbladet, 23 December 2019, https://www.svd.se/efter-fyra-ar-i-sverige–antligen-ett-jobb-stolt. Accessed 15 November 2020.
Wolthers, Louise. “Seeing through Scandinavian Exceptionalism: Tina Enghoff’s Photography. Journal of European Studies, vol. 47, no. 4, 2017, pp. 372-391.
Wright, Terence. “Moving Images: The Media Representation of Refugees.” Visual Studies, vol. 17, no. 1, 2002, pp. 53-66.
Yaschur, Carol. “Shooting the Shooter: How Experience Level Affects Photojournalistic Coverage of a Breaking News Event.” Visual Communication Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 3-4, 2012, pp. 160-176.
Zelizer, Barbie. “On ‘Having Been There.’: ‘Eyewitnessing’ as a Journalistic Keyword.” Critical Studies in Media Communication, vol. 24, no. 5, 2007, pp. 408-428.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Maria Nilsson
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
This work by https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/imaginations is licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 International License although certain works referenced herein may be separately licensed, or the author has exercised their right to fair dealing under the Canadian Copyright Act.